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Franco was removed as Director of the Zaragoza Military Academy in 1931; when the Civil War began, the colonels, majors, and captains of the Spanish Army who had attended the academy when he was its director displayed unconditional loyalty to him as Caudillo. Larger cities and capitals were mostly under the jurisdiction of the Policia Armada, or the grises ("greys", due to the colour of their uniforms) as they were called. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the Army of Africa. [211] The Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unin General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. It has also been suggested that Franco decided not to join the war after the resources he requested from Hitler in October 1940 were not forthcoming.[162]. Spaniards who suffered under Franco's rule have sought to remove memorials of his regime. Franco and Lpez Ochoa (who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, had been seen as a left-leaning officer)[56] emerged as officers prepared to use "troops against Spanish civilians as if they were a foreign enemy". Francisco Franco, in full Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde, byname El Caudillo ("The Leader"), (born December 4, 1892, El Ferrol, Spaindied November 20, 1975, Madrid), general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39); thereafter he was the head [38] In his speech Franco stressed the Republic's need for discipline and respect. Indeed, Los Blancos are often depicted as being the favoured team of General Francisco Franco - the dictator who ruled Spain from the late 1930s until his death in 1975 - and his regime. He led his people, the Nationals, to victory. Polo had a room in her apartment in which the walls were lined from floor to ceiling with forty columns of twenty drawers, some containing tiaras, necklaces, earrings, garlands, brooches and cameos. [98], In early August, the situation in western Andalucia was stable enough to allow Franco to organise a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Yage, which would march through Extremadura towards Madrid. Reputed to be scrupulously honest, introverted, and a man of comparatively few intimate friends, he was known to shun all frivolous amusements. Spain did not intern any of the 1,200 American airmen who were forced to land in the country, but "gave them refuge and permitted them to leave. During the Civil War and in the aftermath, a period known as the White Terror took place. [209] According to Antony Beevor, recent research in more than half of Spain's provinces indicates at least 35,000 official executions in the country after the war, suggesting that the generally accepted figure of 35,000 official executions is low. He made no rash moves and suffered only a few temporary defeats as his forces advanced slowly but steadily; the only major criticism directed at him during the campaign was that his strategy was frequently unimaginative. After two weeks of heavy fighting (and a death toll estimated between 1,200 and 2,000), the rebellion was suppressed. In addition to being generalissimo of the armed forces, he was both chief of state and head . Was Francisco Franco a Spanish dictator who opposed Hitler and Nazi rule? Franco also used language politics in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. The Civil War had been largely a sanguinary struggle of attrition, marked by atrocities on both sides. Franco's common ground with Hitler was particularly weakened by Hitler's attempts to manipulate Christianity, which went against Franco's fervent commitment to defending Catholicism. Prior to becoming the nation's leader, Franco was a general in the Spanish army. Franco's demands, including large supplies of food and fuel, as well as Spanish control of Gibraltar and French North Africa, proved too much for Hitler. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in Irn. The general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled over Spain from 1939 until his death. Franco himself was not a strategic genius, but he was very effective at organisation, administration, logistics and diplomacy. Francisco Vidal Franco. Franco was initially disliked by Cuban President Fulgencio Batista, who, during World War II, suggested a joint U.S.-Latin American declaration of war on Spain to overthrow Franco's regime. [242] Historian Stanley Payne described Franco as being the most significant figure to dominate Spain since Philip II,[243] while Michael Seidman argued that Franco was the most successful counterrevolutionary leader of the 20th century. The political party with the most votes was the Confederacin Espaol de Derechas Autnomas ("CEDA"), but president Alcal-Zamora declined to invite the leader of the CEDA, Gil Robles, to form a government. Nacimiento: 4 de diciembre de 1892, Ferrol, Espaa. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police force for civilians, which functioned as Franco's chief means of social control. He noted that while Hitler and Stalin maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, this was not the case in Spain in the early years after the war a situation that nominally made Franco's regime "the most purely arbitrary in the world".[192]. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Thousands of executions. Fernando lvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3er duque de Alba, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Franco, The History Learning Site - Biography of General Francisco Franco, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Francisco Franco, Francisco Franco - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Francisco Franco - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Su infancia estuvo marcada por el abandono de su padre, que era liberal, y por su aspecto fsico. Franco appealed the decision to the king, who reversed it. On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States and the IMF managed to convince the regime to adopt a free market economy. "[152] Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain."[153]. [57] Franco described the rebellion to a journalist in Oviedo as, "a frontier war and its fronts are socialism, communism and whatever attacks civilisation to replace it with barbarism." This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the short-lived Republic of the Rif. March 14th, 2022. Not only did the Nationalists receive more foreign aid to sustain their war effort, but there is evidence that they made more efficient use of such aid. In several mining towns in Asturias, local unions gathered small arms and were determined to see the strike through. Franco was briefly elevated to Chief of Army Staff before the 1936 election moved the leftist Popular Front into power, relegating him to the Canary Islands. [17] The young Franco spent much of his childhood with his two brothers, Nicols and Ramn, and his two sisters, Mara del Pilar and Mara de la Paz. As his final years progressed, tensions within the various factions of the Movimiento would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position in an effort to win control of the country's future. On one side, Franco had to win the support of the native Moroccan population and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, he had to ensure his control over the army. [32] On 14 September 1926, Franco and Polo had a daughter, Mara del Carmen. He also held a tense meeting with Primo de Rivera in July 1924. During the start of the Cold War, Franco lifted Spain out of its mid-20th century economic depression through technocratic and economically liberal policies, presiding over a period of accelerated growth known as the "Spanish miracle". Author of. On 14 June 1940, Spanish forces in Morocco occupied Tangier (a city under international control) and did not leave until the war's end in 1945. The legacy of Franco in Spanish history remains controversial, as the nature of his dictatorship changed over time. The first was scored by Santiago Bernabeu, whom. Franco's goal was genocide against Republicans, his primary motivation for prolonging the war after he had already assumed control. [244], A highly controversial figure within Spain, Franco is seen as a divisive leader. Franco remains a very controversial figure. However, when Juan Carlos asked Franco if he could sit in on cabinet meetings, Franco would not permit him saying that "you would do things differently." The diffusion of the myth about an alleged Communist coup d'tat as well a pretended state of "social chaos" became pretexts for a coup. [149][note 1] According to Helen Graham, the Spanish working classes became to the Francoist project what the Jews were to the German Volksgemeinschaft. Check this player last stats: game log, goals, assists, played minutes, completed passes and shots. This period in Spanish history, from the Nationalist victory to Franco's death, is commonly known as Francoist Spain or as the Francoist dictatorship. On 23 October 1940, Hitler and Franco met in Hendaye, France to discuss the possibility of Spain's entry on the side of the Axis. The desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other Falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. [253], In 2006, the BBC reported that Maciej Giertych, an MEP of the clerical-nationalist League of Polish Families, had expressed admiration for Franco, stating that the Spanish leader "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe".[254]. The first stage (1939-1950) was defined by the economic independence or autarky imposed by Franco's government. Alternate titles: El Caudillo, Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco Bahamonde, Hilldale-Jaume Vicens Vives Professor of History, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Jews who were not allowed to enter Spain, however, were sent to the Miranda de Ebro concentration camp or deported to France. Francisco Franco was the leader of Spain between 1939 and 1975. [189][190] Already proclaimed Generalsimo of the Nationalists and Jefe del Estado (Head of State) in October 1936,[113] he thereafter assumed the official title of "Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado" ("His Excellency the Head of State"). Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. On 28 March 1939, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (the "fifth column" General Mola had mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. [130] The rebels were able to build a larger air force and make more effective use of their air force, particularly in supporting ground operations and bombing; and generally enjoyed air superiority from mid-1937 onwards; this air power contributed greatly to the Nationalist victory. After the fall of the monarchy in 1931, the leaders of the new Spanish Republic undertook a major and much-needed military reform, and Francos career was temporarily halted. [137] Franco made himself jefe nacional (National Chief) of the new FET (Falange Espaola Tradicionalista; Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx) with a secretary, Political Junta and National Council to be named subsequently by himself. A reorganisation of the Council of Ministers in early 1957 had brought a group of younger men, most of whom were educated in economics and had experience, to the key ministries. After various postponements, 18 July was fixed as the date of the uprising. It was opposed by the Falangists, who associated it with the monarchy and boycotted it when it was played, often singing their own anthem, Cara al Sol (Facing the Sun) instead. It was made clear to Pinochet that he was not welcome at Juan Carlos's coronation. [115] After the failed assault on Madrid in November 1936, Franco settled on a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. Written as a series of articles in the late 40's under the pen name Jakim Boor, this book outlines General Franco's fears of the freemasonry including ideas on the creation of Israel and Spain's loss of its African colonies. Conversely, Franco strongly identified with his mother (who always wore widow's black once she realised her husband had abandoned her) and learned from her moderation, austerity, self-control, family solidarity and respect for Catholicism, though he would also inherit his father's harshness, coldness and implacability.[20]. (right). Adam Berry. By 1973, Franco had surrendered the function of prime minister (Presidente del Gobierno), remaining only as head of state and commander in chief of the military. Citizenship: Mexico mx. [258][259] The resolution was at the initiative of Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis Mara de Puig, and was the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime. In 1941 the prison population of Spain was 233,000, mostly political prisoners. The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the French government, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. Her father, Ladislao Bahamonde Ortega, was the commissar of naval equipment at the Port of El Ferrol. Although the transition to democracy was successful, the regime left deep scars in the Spanish society that can still be felt up to this day. This way the republican government of Manuel Azaa initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country. The rebel government did not, however, gain complete control of the country for more than three years. [220] Franco was the only person interred in the Valley who did not die during the civil war. [229], Following Franco's funeral, his widow Carmen Polo supervised the moving of crates of jewely, antiques, artworks, and Franco's papers to the family's various estates in Spain or to safe havens in foreign countries. [41], Franco was a subscriber to the journal of Accin Espaola, a monarchist organisation, and a firm believer in a supposed Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik conspiracy, or contubernio (conspiracy). There was a public viewing of Franco's body at the funeral chapel opened in the Royal Palace; a mass and a military parade were held on the day of his burial. Mussolini had founded the Fascist Party in the year of 1919. Outwardly, Franco maintained an ambiguous attitude until nearly July. When he was 20, he made his Major League debut and somehow lived up to the . It was said that officers would receive either la caja o la faja (a coffin or a general's sash). . [52] Thirty four priests, six young seminarists with ages between 18 and 21, and several businessmen and civil guards were summarily executed by the revolutionaries in Mieres and Sama, 58 religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo were burned and destroyed,[53] and over 100 priests were killed in the diocese. Characteristics of Franco. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty."[74]. Several exiled Republicans also fought in the French resistance against the German occupation in Vichy France during World War II. His loyal bodyguard was shot by Manuel Blanco. [224] Some of the few foreign dignitaries and government representatives who attended were: Nelson Rockefeller, Vice President of the United States,[225] Lord Shepherd, Leader of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom[226] (Harold Wilson caused controversy within the Labour Party by sending him to represent the UK Government),[227] Prince Rainier III of Monaco, King Hussein of Jordan, Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines and the wife of Ferdinand Marcos, dictator of the Philippines,[228] Hugo Banzer, military dictator of Bolivia,[222] and Augusto Pinochet, the dictator of Chile,[225] for whom the Spanish Caudillo was a role-model. [164] Franco had cautiously decided to enter the war on the Axis side in June 1940, and to prepare his people for war, an anti-British and anti-French campaign was launched in the Spanish media that demanded French Morocco, Cameroon and Gibraltar. During crucial campaigns against the Moroccan rebels, the legion played a decisive role in bringing the revolt to an end. There seems to be no consensus on whether the statue should simply be moved or completely destroyed. The coup underway was precipitated by the assassination of the right-wing opposition leader Calvo Sotelo in retaliation for the murder of assault guard Jos Castillo, which had been committed by a group headed by a civil guard and composed of assault guards and members of the socialist militias. From 1917 to 1920, he served in Spain. All government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Castilian and any documents written in other languages were deemed null and void. Historical analysis and investigations estimate the number of executions by the Franco regime during this time to be between 100,000 and 200,000 dead. [38], In December 1931, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic constitution was declared. "[140], Franco's advisor on Falangist party matters, Ramn Serrano Ser, who was the brother-in-law of his wife Carmen Polo, and a group of Serrano Ser's followers dominated the FET JONS, and strove to increase the party's power. Pre-Civil War industrial production levels were regained in the early 1950s, though agricultural output remained below prewar levels until 1958. [42], On 5 February 1932, Franco was given a command in A Corua. Franco volunteered for active duty in the colonial campaigns in Spanish Morocco that had begun in 1909 and was transferred there in 1912 at age 19. [236] His body was to be exhumed from the Valle de los Cados on 10 June 2019, but the Supreme Court of Spain ruled that the exhumation would be delayed until the family had exhausted all possible appeals. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. - Madrid, 20. studenog 1975. This left the striking Asturian miners to fight alone.[51]. The family remained extremely rich after his death. The rebels appointed him at the end of September 1936 Generalissimo of the Armies and Head of the Government of the Spanish State. Getty Images/File Franco ruled Spain from the late 1930s until his death. From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for "purification" according to the Law of Political Responsibilities. He promoted the use of Castilian Spanish and suppressed other languages such as Catalan, Galician, and Basque. [31], Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at Al Hoceima (Spanish: Alhucemas) in 1925. He requested help from Benito Mussolini, who responded with an offer of arms and planes. [110] He was, doubtlessly, helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the Nationalists would go to Franco. "[159] However, Franco was reluctant to enter the war due to Spain recovering from its recent civil war and instead pursued a policy of "non-belligerence". Franco led the Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War, and was aided by Hitler and Mussolini. In addition he began walking under a canopy, and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins and postage stamps. Fast and self-learner, analytic, detail and goal oriented, excellent interpersonal skills. On 27 February Chamberlain's Britain and Daladier's France officially recognised the Franco regime. 90'+9' [216] Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed, and daily business severely hampered. Franco placed the Carlist Manuel Fal Cond under house arrest and imprisoned hundreds of old Falangists, the so-called "old shirts" (camisas viejas), including the party leader Manuel Hedilla,[141] to help secure his political future. [131], The Republicans were subject to disunity and infighting,[132] and were hampered by the destructive consequences of the revolution in the Republican zone: mobilisation was impeded, the Republican image was harmed abroad in democracies, and the campaign against religion aroused overwhelming and unwavering Catholic support for the Nationalists. At a time in which many Spanish officers were characterized by sloppiness and lack of professionalism, young Franco quickly showed his ability to command troops effectively and soon won a reputation for complete professional dedication. [84], The war was marked by foreign intervention on behalf of both sides. By that time, PSOE politician Indalecio Prieto had already deemed Franco as a "possible caudillo for a military uprising". [citation needed] The enforcement by public authorities of traditional Catholic values was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy Act) enacted by Azaa. He ruled from 1939 to his death. The agreement effectively lapsed after 2000, the year the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (Asociacin para la Recuperacin de la Memoria Histrica) was founded and the public debate started. The Valley of the Fallen in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain. [251], Franco served as a role model for several anti-communist dictators in South America. [167][168] Franco was aware that his air force would be quickly defeated if going into action against the Royal Air Force, and the Royal Navy would easily be able to destroy Spain's small navy and blockade the entire Spanish coast to prevent imports of crucial materials such as oil. [21][22] Franco was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant in June 1912 at age 19. [111], Mola had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the Carlist monarchists and not at all with the Falange, a party with Fascist leanings and connections ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera), nor did he have good relations with Germany. [160] (An oft-cited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader said that he would rather have some of his own teeth pulled out than to have to personally deal further with Franco). [123], The Nationalist victory could be accounted for by various factors:[124] the Popular Front government had reckless policies in the weeks prior to the war, where it ignored potential dangers and alienated the opposition, encouraging more people to join the rebellion, while the rebels had superior military cohesion, with Franco providing the necessary leadership to consolidate power and unify the various rightist factions. Student revolts at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s were violently repressed by the heavily armed Polica Armada (Armed Police). [138] Also in 1937 the Marcha Real ("Royal March") was restored by decree as the national anthem in the Nationalist zone. [5] [6] The only child of Franco, Carmen Franco (1926-2017) led the organisation and later became its . The Franco family millions . 94 pages, Paperback First published January 1, 1952 The Lasting Impact of Francisco Franco. [89] In Germany Wilhelm Canaris, the head of the Abwehr military intelligence service, persuaded Hitler to support the Nationalists;[90] Hitler sent twenty Ju 52 transport aircraft and six Heinkel biplane fighters, on the condition that they were not to be used in hostilities unless the Republicans attacked first. The years from 1951 to 1956 were marked by substantial economic progress, but the reforms of the period were only sporadically implemented, and they were not well coordinated. The Francisco Franco National Foundation [1] [2] [3] (Spanish: Fundacin Nacional Francisco Franco; FNFF) [4] is a foundation and propaganda hub created in 1976 devoted to promoting the legacy of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. His administration marginalised fascist ideologues in favour of technocrats, many of whom were linked with Opus Dei, who promoted economic modernisation. During the pre-stabilization years of 19571959, Spanish economic planners implemented partial measures such as moderate anti-inflationary adjustments and incremental moves to integrate Spain into the global economy, but external developments and a worsening domestic economic crisis forced them to adopt more sweeping changes. He was recommended for promotion to major and to receive Spain's highest honour for gallantry, the coveted Cruz Laureada de San Fernando. [123] Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. After the Civil War, Spain emerged devastated and with alarming economic problems. [175] Franco supplied Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, architect of the Nazis' Final Solution, with a list of 6,000 Jews in Spain.[175]. His method was the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own cousin). In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in Toledo. [208] The first decade of Franco's rule following its end saw continued repression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. During the war, he commanded Spain's African colonial army and later, following the deaths of much of the rebel leadership, became his faction's only leader, being appointed Generalissimo and head of state in 1936. Francisco Largo Caballero declared that "the organized proletariat will carry everything before it and destroy everything until we reach our goal". [165] On 19 June 1940, Franco pressed along a message to Hitler saying he wanted to enter the war, but Hitler was annoyed at Franco's demand for the French colony of Cameroon, which had been German before World War I, and which Hitler was planning on taking back for Plan Z. Experienced Executive and Sales Professional with ample Management Skills and International Experience. In addition, declaring war on the UK and its allies would no doubt give them an opportunity to capture both the Canary Islands and Spanish Morocco, as well as possibly launch an invasion of mainland Spain itself. All cultural activities were subject to censorship, and many, such as the Sardana, the national dance of Catalonia, were plainly forbidden (often in an erratic manner). What was the Franco regime? Through this law, homosexuality and prostitution were made criminal offenses in 1954.[214]. [162], Spanish neutrality during World War II was publicly acknowledged by leading Allied statesmen. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado, "Aportaremos trozos de verdad a un 'puzzle' que resolver Garzn", Cit nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration, "A Wolfram in Sheep's Clothing: Economic Warfare in Spain and Portugal, 19401944", "Franco and Hitler: The Myth of Hendaye 1940", "Franco, Hitler & the play for Gibraltar: how the Spanish held firm on the Rock", "WWII document reveals: General Franco handed Nazis list of Spanish Jews", "Nazis, Real and Imagined, in Post-Second-World-War Spain", "The Angel Of Cairo: How A Spaniard Saved Egypt's Jews", "This Day in Jewish History 1968: Spain Revokes the Expulsion of the Jews", "Cronologa general de la Guerra Civil Espaola (19361939)", "The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest", "El franquismo y los imaginarios mticos del fascismo europeo de entreguerras", "La naturaleza del franquismo: un acercamiento desde la perspectiva comparada de los fascismos europeos", "Gazeta histrica: Referencia: Pginas TIFF", "4862 17 julio 1954 B.O. Attempts to give the national anthem new lyrics have failed due to lack of consensus. Instead Goering had to return to Berlin.[144]. Francisco Vidal Franco Cisneros (born 25 August 1987 in Autln, Jalisco, Mxico) is a Mexican footballer, who plays as defender for Deportivo Toluca . That year he also married Carmen Polo, with whom he had a daughter. Franco left the throne vacant, proclaiming himself as a de facto regent for life. Years after becoming dictator, under the pseudonym Jaime de Andrade, Franco wrote a brief novel called Raza, whose protagonist is believed by Stanley Payne to represent the idealised man Franco wished his father had been. In October 1944, Francisco Franco, right-wing dictator of Spain and sometime associate of the Axis, took one step towards ensuring the survival of his regime in the post-war world without Hitler and Mussolini. A year later he fell ill again, afflicted with further health problems, including a long battle with Parkinson's disease. [25] In 1916, aged 23 with the rank of captain, Franco was shot in the abdomen by guerilla gunfire during an assault on Moroccan positions at El Biutz, in the hills near Ceuta; this was the only time he was wounded in ten years of fighting. He became a highly . caudillo) od 1939. do 1975. godine. Franco allowed Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against the Soviet Union (the Blue Division), but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the democracies. It was elected in accordance with corporatist principles, and had little real power. In the Rif War, the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army was defeated by the Republic of the Rif under the leadership of the Abd el-Krim brothers, who crushed a Spanish offensive on 24 July 1921, at Annual. Francisco Franco naci el 4 de diciembre de 1892 en Ferrol. Francisco followed his father into the Navy, but as a result of the SpanishAmerican War the country lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. Thursday's long-awaited relocation fulfils a key . At the end of 1935, President Alcal-Zamora manipulated a petty-corruption issue into a major scandal in parliament, and eliminated Alejandro Lerroux, the head of the Radical Republican Party, from the premiership.